Contents:

African Civilisation American Civilisation British Civilisation American Literature British Literature Psycholinguistics PsychoPedagogy Sociolinguistics TEFL

The program

ü  The First World War

ü  America in 1920

ü  The wall’s street crash and the great depression

ü  Franklin Delano Roosevelt

ü  Harry Truman and the courage though policy

World War I

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand[1]:

There were competitions between empires over weapons, power, and colonies, so the cause was the race. The cause was not only the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, but also “race to armaments”. There was a fight between two families and the third one is the USA. This last was neutral, which mean that US army would not side any fighter.

The proclamation of neutrality

USA leaders said: “we don’t alter rules, to be neutral in speech, thought, and action (don’t interfere or you’re no longer neutral). For almost 3 years the president Woodrow Wilson kept America out of World War I, he said that USA is a neutral power.

it is not the first time that USA has been neutral, such proclaim was known in the period of Washington to avoid the dividing of USA into two countries, because they consider the war in USA as European War, and to avoid war in USA.

In World War I there were two kinds of alliances:

·         Triple entente: France, GB, Russia.

·         Triple alliance: Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy

The president of the USA is the chief executive. Now, he hasn’t the right to wage war or to issue a declaration of war, he is the commander chief of the USA “Army”, but he still has a less power.

Why the president asked his people to be neutral?

Because Americans are a mixture of population:

·         Americans of British descent will side with entente, they would side the entente.

·         American of Germany descent alliance, so they would side the alliance.

·         Anti-British Irish Americans: will side the alliance.

Why Anti-British Irish Americans would side the alliance? Because they were trying to get separation from GB (Scotland, England, Ireland), (protestants and Catholics), all wanted the independent. They constituted a political branch. They wanted to have independent. They hated the GB too because their land in USA was controlled by the British Lord. They escaped in 1814 because of missionary of the Irish people. The Irish people in the streets became dogs & rates feeding, and this is the reality.

French people asked Wilson to side and interfere by helping the entente. Why? They said: “remember la Fayette” which was their slogan, because they thought that he would help them.

The president has announced to the proclamation of neutrality in order to that war in Europe will be brake out in USA, and because of the mixed population or the ethic ties.

This proclamation of neutrality was collided with three realities (causes):

·                     Ethnic ties: USA is a mixture of population, it is a meeting pot.

·                     Economic ties: USA had ties with Germany and GB, and by making neutral, businessmen will not sell to both sides. It is a restriction output.

·                     Administration: Wilson had administration of British descent, so he had not said that he is neutral, but he said if we keep neutral our business will have problems.

ü  Which economic problems?

The US would suffer from:

1.      The USA should suffer from restriction of output (will be restricted, so no production, restriction of output).

2.      Industrial depression (without production factories don’t work and will be depressed and idle.

3.      The capital will be idle and lazy.

4.      Idle labour (unemployment)

5.      Numerous failures

6.      Financial demoralization

7.      General unrest

8.      Suffering among the labouring classes.

It is not easy to keep self-neutral, the president did his best to keep his county out of war, thanks to Wilson Americans didn’t interfere in war which was not easy. He was for warning and not for war. He wanted an ideal world.

His ideas are called Wilsonianism. His ideal world was to opening in every sense of the world:

·         The world was to be open in every way.

·         No barriers to commerce, both import and export (the Globalisation now), without having duties.

·         No secret diplomatic deals: don’t have one country that deals with the second secretly in the eager of the third one.

·         Empires were to be opened with the principle of self-determination (the colonized determine their freedom or not).

·         Reducing the armaments.

The first who went to USA to fight sided to USA were the French in 17^th century and they were volunteers. It was “La Fayette”, they wanted to be independent, and now in France we find more than 40 towns under the name of “La Fayette”.

After the WWI there were victims, deaths, destroyed companies. After all these damages we arrive to peace, and the sun rising. So why not have “peace keeping body” in order to avoid all that, whose job is to keep peace and solve problems between nations, so we will call it “The League of Nations”[2].

League of Nation was Wilson’s ideas for peace keeping body. These ideas were 14. It is why Americans re-elected him as president for the second time; he kept them out of war.

The proalliance sympathies:

When Wilson issued proclamation of neutrality his advisors said to him: “USA should not remain neutral; if you keep neutral, there will be problems, if not, so sell to Great Britain and Germany”. Wilson until 1917 did not want to interfere, which was the big question, but why?

Some historians said he didn’t want to interfere because it was Wilson’s policy. That when all countries get tired, the USA interferes for its benefits. The war didn’t take place in USA; they succeeded to make their country safe in this insane world.

USA became the world power because Europe was destroyed and USA succeeded to manufacture weapons... etc, and sell all its merchandise to Europe. So Europe suffered politically, economically and militarily, it needed money and time to be in the stand foot of USA. This is why USA became the world power.

USA interfered in First World War:

Two main causes pushed USA to interfere:

The question of Lusitania:

When fighting fakes place, there were two ships, the 1^st ship wanted to destroy the 2^nd, so they warned the crowd, and passengers disembark before they sink them. This is international law in order to save people and armament.

The British liner took passengers from New York to United Kingdom. German who succeeded to make weapon and hard submarines destroyed the ship, so there were 1198 passenger, among them 128 Americans. Wilson was angry and said: “the sinking was a brutal attack on innocent people”.

ü  Why Germans didn’t warn the ship?

They cut war, if the German did not warn them, they would radio, and another ship will destroy the submarine. The ship was carrying food stuff and weapons; it was carrying contraband and 4.2 million implements of war. These people are innocent, but they were carrying something illegal (supply and weapons).

Zimmermann telegram: he foreign minister of Germany sent a message to his counterpart of Mexico, he asked to help him for recovering their territories which were taken by USA, but the British succeeded to intercept the message (!makanch menha!) and handed it to Wilson, he read it to congress to take a permission to declare war or to get green light from the USA congress which was hated from his bank to interfere.

Why need the agreement of the congress?

Because it should make peace or declare war, when the war broke down, there were antiwar feelings; the war will drain the county resources and it will violate the Christian morality. USA will lose its youth, and it will lose repressive spirit at home, so they said that the war is self-sewing of Europeans.

The once who benefited from this war were Arms Manufactures. The They were 2 millions American people went to fight in Europe, they were soldiers very poorly educated in their 20^th age and homeless because they expected that ....

From settlement to powerful country

Wilson wanted to make the United Nations to be a league of nations. The best solution to avoid this war according to Wilson is that all these countries must live in peaceful manner, to have peace keeping body. As a result: Britain, Italy and France sent prime ministers to talk about problems and their solutions. With regard to USA instead of having prime minister, Wilson himself went to France attending the discussion; he submitted the treaty to his country to come to League of Nations, since America after the war succeeded to be a power economically.

The senates refused to ratify this treaty because they said that Europeans sent prime ministers instead of secretaries of states. They took Democrats even the Democrats took with him. Democrats took one Republican who was retired. The congress is controlled by Democrats, so the president Wilson needed the approval of the senates which was controlled by Republicans.

ü  Who had shouldered the guilt?

After the war, all the colonies accused Germany of being behind the WWI. They obliged it to pay for the war damages that had taken place.

“The state is nothing but a big family”, Thomas Hopes said when a member family fought because of causing neutral they decided to sacrifice their children. They noticed that their children died in vain. Thus, they decided to stop fighting because they resumed the same situation of hatred, jealousy and horrible manner. This is why they decided to isolate themselves and to be self-determination. They wouldn’t repeat the same mistake; it is better to remain isolated.

Were women equal to men?

From 1920s to 1930s is the period of change in which the American started to produce food and manufactured weapons. They invented new habits; there were changes in work and family responsibilities. There was an evolution in their way of thinking and living.

In 1929, there were events of crashes, the girl Gertrude Ederle[3] became the first woman to swim across the English Channel (39 miles). Only 5 men just succeeded to cross the channel that time. She broke the dogma of inferiority and proved that women are equal to men. It was a battle for feminism.

There were division of peoples, some who sided with her, they said yes women have always the same foot of men, but the other disagreed with her, they didn’t push her to think that women are equal to men.

ü  Who marked the change?

ü  What were the causes of changes?

One cause behind the change was the emergence of Republican Administration until the collapse in 1930, which was the period of isolation, a very striking period.

There were three presidents or three republicans: Harding[4], Coolidge[5] and Hoover[6]. All of them were from the right; they would automatically side and support businessmen and wealthy individuals by reducing taxes and increasing tariffs. The primary aim of the government is to make money in order to protect the local economy, in other words, the business of the government was the government of the business. So, they interested about trade commission and commerce commission more, than they regulated them. All their interest became the money. They compared church to economic company; the American society became more materialistic and individualistic. What mattered at that time is money, whereas mankind was redeemed by business. So, this new ideology derived the corruption in the country because the republican administration became corrupted.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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