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African Civilisation American Civilisation British Civilisation American Literature British Literature Psycholinguistics PsychoPedagogy Sociolinguistics TEFL

introduction

When you see someone speak you wonder, and some time you see children speak very well, but others startle (a a a a).

Psychology: is the study of the behaviour (attitude) of human being which we cannot touch something you feel.

Psycholinguistics: is a field of linguistics and it is viewed as a field of psychology for study language acquisition.

Language acquisition: it may be seemed very normal to someone speaking, but there are people have problems (it may be organic, e.g. the vocal cords, tongue and startle).

Dyslexia: it is problem and start very old age (غ, خ), this is psychological not organic. E.g. Tom Cruise had this problem, and it could happen to us.

The development of the brain and intellectual capacity of child, it can understand the concept.

The acque: Intelligences of children are different.

Why we have this problem?

Psycholinguistics: is more interested in linguistic of human being.

Babies are not white paper but they are genetically programmed.

The babbling: is when the babies start to use symbols è it is the first period of speech. Babies have the capacity to use, speak, e.g. when we speak to them they are responding.

When babies cry, they develop their lungs, they know how to breathe, because when we speak or cry we stop breathing.

The child of 3 years old acquires intelligence from the relation between members of family.

Language acquisition is studied form social points of views.

Pinker: language the mother tongue is not acquired but it is organic. Mother tongue is the language which attract with, it is the first language that the child speak.

Aphasia: is the lost of memory, it is the chock cardiovascular, but the victim still understand his mother tongue.[1]

The babbling:

According to psycholinguists acquiring language is a greatest intellectual achievement, i.e. this is for children, because the child is very young, he was not able to speak.

Ø But how is able to do many things.

Ø What is the way that the child acquires language?

When someone speaks very badly, we said that his behaviour is bad. When we hear someone speaks, we can have his social background and his personality.

A doctor has done an experience with a French child who has a French mother tongue. He makes him hearing a radio speaking French language, and after an hour, the child suckled, but when hearing to Chinese, the child did not react.

When the infants are born, they have the ability to identify their mother tongue, because scientifically, children are able to hear, and they are able to identify their fathers’ voices, even before birth.

When we speak to a child, we are given him data, they are storing everything. When his is borne, he is confronted to his care taker; it is a Social background. The normal child statically (generally speaking) is supposed to pronounce 200 words at 2 years old.

Ø What happened form 0-2 year8is?

The child is not aware; he can try because he is an infant. Before speaking the vocal cords are ready.

Ø Why mother tongue is acquired easily than another tongue?

When a child reached school age, he knows his mother tongue but he doesn’t know the classical language, or written language.

Acquiring language is about natural behaviour of any human being.

There are many approaches towards language acquisition.

Chomsky said: “when a child is born, he is ready to acquire language; he has an innate ability to acquire any language”. A spontaneous part of us which we were born with. Even more for Chomsky, the child is born with the UG (the Universal Grammar), it doesn’t mean the grammar of the mother tongue, but a simple grammar which is acquired from the social context.

When the child begins speaking, he starts by using words, clauses, and sentences. Before saying sentences, he conjugates verbs, not the nouns or the adjectives or even articles. Although he miss used plural form. We have been programmed before we are born.

Pinker is beyond Chomsky, he said: “when we are born, language is instinct”, (L’organe de langage).

Pinker focused his studies on the person who has aphasia. So he said: “how can a person who losses everything still remember his mother tongue?”.

He took infants of 6 month to 2 years; he made them a radiograph to know which parts of body are excited.

We have brains, in which there are neurons, that are linked together to form synapses, for these young children synapses are very active everywhere, so when we acquire the mother tongue there is something supra natural, all the brain is excited, that’s why language is instinct.

Broca-era which is a part of the brain, it is designed only for learning language, also for speaking and how do we use language. The mother tongue is acquired in marvelous way because when Broka-era is damaged or lost, the human being stays able to understand the mother tongue. The same case in Aphasia, the ill forgets everything except his mother tongue.

The first step toward language acquisition:

To communicate to outside or external world.

During the period of Plato, philosophers said that child cry because he is hosted by bad spirits. Afterward, people understand that through crying, the child trains his lungs to language. The child starts crying because he is the first time that the breath, and the first time that his lungs make first contact with the air.

When the child is dirty J, he doesn’t feel at ease, he cry; so this child has a shy cry.

Science has proved that psychomotor development of babies who breast-feed is speedy than those other babies who suckle from a prepared milk.

Those children who died, psychologists said that they suicide, because they felt lonely.

The child grows more, whenever he cries, the caretaker is here, so, he calls her or him through crying, which mean that crying is the language used by the child to communicate with his environment.

Crying is the first means of communication that a baby uses, so pervasive is the common perception that the crying of the baby conveys some significant linguistics communication. Crying in the first months (1-2) is a kind of language without speech, because the child communicates different types of discomforts without using normal speech sounds, as the infant matures, crying helps the child to produce linguistics sounds and so this earliest form of utterance is also a predecessor of speech. During the first weeks of a child life, crying is largely an automatic response to noxious stimulate. Trigged by the autonomic nervous system as primary reflex.

If the child doesn’t cry, it is mentioned during birth at that moment, if the child comes out of his mothers body one minute more, he will suffocates without breath, the first thing is damaged is the brain, so when there is no cry, there is a problem, because crying is a response of the nervous system.

He hears the hear beating of his mother inside, he is able to identify his father voice before bearing, also music and other sounds.

The more science develops, the infant begun understand at birth complete person, even before birth, even it is small one.

During 3 months inside mother’s body, there are 3 parties are comprised: muscles, bones, and nervous system, after the 3^rd month, he begins developed. When he is born, there is a response and his nervous system is ready.

When the mother is pregnant, the infant sleeps at day and wake up at night, because she is moving at day.

Crying is initially a spontaneous reaction and affected by intentional control from the inventory nervous system, which eventually involves as mover and shaper of most human behaviours.

Crying is a direct procreation for a lifetime a vocal communication, it trains babies to their breathing patterns, so that eventually they learn how to play longs like bagpipes, this skill of timed breathing is crucial for successful speech communications for the rest of the child life, and it is a direct result of a babies ability to control his cries of birth.

When the child is beyond 2 months, he starts producing sounds, not syllables, consonants, through this ability data, he contacts with sounds. Through the cooing, the child starts towards language production, these sounds will be gathered into syllables, words, clauses, then sentences and paragraphs. Children have the same language acquisition, but statically speaking, girls speaks earlier than boys, girls are talkative. Those who take feed through the breast are stronger because they take the security form their mothers.

Crying is iconic, there is a direct link between physical sounds and its communicative louder and the longer crying is, it also increases in pitch, in the first month of 2 of the child development (crying is normal) as a response of a nervous system, it is symbolic, it does not conveying a big meaning, the child cries in order to get his needs, and express illicit attention. After several weeks of extinctive interaction with his caretaker, the child starts to coo. Crying and cooing are developed with the contact with mother; the cooing in stage emerge about 2 months at age, and it succeeded when the child is about 6 moths, by the babbling stage.

The babbling stage:

It refers to the natural tendency of children of this stage to burst into consonants, vowels, and syllables clusters. Almost as a kind of vocalic play. Some psycholinguists distinguishes between the babbling[2] at 6 months old and the marginal babbling which usually emerges at around 8 months, when the child’s vocalization neuron down to syllables, that begin to approximate the syllables of eh caretakers of the personal. At the canonical stage, he produces consonants that may do not belong to his mother tongue; that is the earliest acquisition which is not of the segmental phonemes, that go to make their native language, in other words, an infant may produce other sounds that are not able re realise when learning a foreign language at 20 years old; babbling is not evidence that children are starting to acquire the segmental sounds of their mother tongue.

Modern psycholinguistics researches support assumptions that children are begging to learn supra-segmental sounds of their mother tongue at this stage.

This term refers to the musical pitch, stress, rhythm, which accompany the syllable we produce, and which play such an important role in making grammar meaning and intonation.

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