Contents:

African Civilisation American Civilisation British Civilisation American Literature British Literature Psycholinguistics PsychoPedagogy Sociolinguistics TEFL

       

        Introduction

Out county is divided into communities, and each community developed language according to their practices, e.g. whose have veil do not use language as whose wear lower.

Language as practice within community:

Language evolved a long side with the evolution of this society.

Leonard Bloomfield[1] is American sociolinguists.

Karl paper is a German philosopher who deals with scientific theory, with methodology. He wrote “The Criteria of Demarcation Between Science and Non Science”

Because you are in humanity, you are not scientific, and to be scientific is a question of methodology, not in mathematics à How to approach.

Science is not dogmatic (religion), it changes, e.g. God exist, this is dogmatic, and it is a personal convention.

Saussure aware language as social and he said that linguistics is composed of signifier and signified. He spoke about significance. Language as sheet of paper, and we can’t divide it between signifier and signified. It is a question of convention words.

Sociolinguistics deals with all between language and people and society.

ü  Sociolinguist uses a whole mutation (Language and globalization).

ü  Societies: communities

Sociolinguistics: focuses on the social process and practices. We are a world citizen, not only Algerians. Sociolinguistics doesn’t prevent or solve the problem but it shows it.

What’s globalization?

     Mainstream or general linguistics:

ü  Leonard Bloomfield

ü  Chomsky

ü  De Saussure (the first one who got aware that language is social (significance and value not within a system), he speaks about signifier and signified which can’t be separated)

ü  Karl popper (Jewish German philosopher)

The scientificity is a question of methodology, how do you approach a given subject? It’s the discipline which determines science.

Science (objective), and a theory is no more than a thesisquestion of subjectivity, own personal belief and conviction.

You have to be scientific in your procedure

Make inventory of all those words

People agreed with a tossed convention that this is called that way

The phoneme is the smallest functional unit like “b” which has no value, only if it there is a substitution of one phoneme for another phoneme like “p”, we will find another word.

It is just a question of social convention; a word is never pejorative, never vulgar. It is just a social can.

Juliette: The norm is a social convention which is agreed upon. It is a code, and it is what you have to do and what doesn’t have to do; “does & don’t”.

ü  The assess of democracy is to be intolerant.

ü  Une langue est une arme de destruction massive.

ü  The normal is a code.

ü  Freedom fighters

ü  Conventionalized

ü  Normal and abnormal (she doesn’t like them)

Language is not a sum of grammatical entities.

What the difference between Sociolinguistics and sociology?[4]

ü  Sociolinguistics is the study of the co-relation (interrelation) between language and society. In Sociolinguistics we study the world behind the word.

ü  Sociology is the idea of considering language as a social fact, as a social institution, and it is taught in the social departments.

Learning takes place with or without teachers. Teacher is facilitator of learning process, or moderator.

Social phenomenons are expressed in language. You borrow language and put it many other language morphology.

The difference between sociolinguistics and sociology is not essence. It is difference of impact.

ü  We give more importance in language à sociology.

ü  Sociology of language à more importance in sociology.

Sociolinguistics is a recent science, it emerged in 1960.

Prescriptive sociolinguistics: deals with the way and manner people should use language.

How it is used?

Prior to De Saussure and Chomsky, there was the historical study of languageà philology.

English and Germanic are in the same family, and their origin is Germanic.

Prescriptive language: describes the way and the manner how to use language à say and not say.

Prior to De Saussure, language is not a science, but it is a domain of Anthropology, it is the study of human facts.

Study language as human phenomenon like singing, dancing ...etc

What De Saussure succeeded is to give language status à language has become an autonomist science (do not depend on any one).

De Saussure has developed language which is proper to methodology of linguistics.

Each science has got a methodology of word; we should observe the fact in science.

In science, we have observation with objectivity.

In dogma we have lot of things, we have feeling and in science we have explicitness (logic); every thing should said clearly.

In Arabic phonemes, Europeans have the problem of “ت” and “ط” but Arabs said that “ت” and “ط” are not the same.

To be systematic: to be coherent with yourself.

They are common core: i.e. common fact to all science, but each science has its terminology.

De Saussure in his book “Cours de Linguistics General” spoke about the value and significance not meaning and mind.

What is langue? Is the sum of rules, the sum of knowledge shared by the members of given speech community, he said also that it is explicitly and systematically. He compared it to dictionaries copies of which have been distributed to the member of speech community.

If you were using the same dictionaries we have the same speech community.

I think= my idea, I guess=I share your ideas.

Langue, according to De Saussure, is the sum of rules used by speakers form the same speech of community.

Speech community:

is a group of people sharing the same verbal repertoire, the share the same langue. Which mean that the langue is the entire of rules that a homogenous community share.

Langue reflects to the structure, grammar, and rules.

ü  Structure of sounds: S V O

ü  Class of sounds: nouns, adjectives, etc...

ü  Class of consonant: vowels, semivowels, etc...

Structuralism:

by De Saussure, his aim was to give linguistics an autonomous stages science. Is not proper to linguistics, it is foreign structure started with biology, in which we classify species (human, animals, etc...). De Saussure wanted to do the study of language, he started to classify structures.

S+V+O è syntagmatic relationship which is linear è horizontal of the elements present on the sentence.

I give		Paradigmatic relationship which is absent form the sentence
She takes
			Syntagmatic
		paradigmatic

This relation should be logical structured and classify: this is in fact the methodology in Biology, which is transferred to the study of language, and based in classification.

 In science, we have theories that are truth.

Abstract is word does not used be by De Saussure, but it was used by Chomsky.

According to De Saussure: linguists collect data, but to Chomsky: we are born with rule; it is innate.

Critics:

Langue is sum rules used by the same speech community. I.e. you and me, student and teacher, woman and man, wife and husband, use the same rules (langue).

Is it true? It is question of critics.

Chomsky started with structuralism, but he began against it; in 1940 “Début de l’Informatique”, he said that all the books National Library of USA is just small bit of competence in human, they are Tip of Ice-Burg.

Prescriptive:

They way how we should use study language with anthropology, philology, as social fact as phenomenon, before De Saussure.

Descriptive:

To De Saussure: “we describe what we observe as science”, he gave rules. To him, parole is the individual use of language.

Langue is collective, it is common to some speech community, whereas parole is individual, it is many not one, it submits to many alternations. “La Langue est social” è the original version in French.

He is very intelligent to use social that is shared by community, not refers to society or structure norm, it means collective.

Sociolinguistics refers to social norm è this difference between De Saussure concepts and Sociology.

He is aware about social structure but he insists in collecting community. He was aware but he did not go further, for him social means collective, and does not mean relation between society and language (in sociolinguistics).

Any psychologists structured to a certain schemas, we develop language with sociological structure, because sociolinguistics is simply the study of social impact of the word.

De Saussure does not study parole, because it is not stable, it submitted to changes (alternation), it is individual. It is not worth study.

Langue we study what he call “Etat de Langue” and because it is stable, it is this worth studying. So, the idea of De Saussure neglected the study of parole.

The speech community of people is group which are far form being homogenous but speech community is heterogeneous.

Alternations in parole are due to social changes, and any social change involved changes in language.

What are the rules that govern language?

Any language in the world is governed by formal rules which are grammar, syntax, morphology, semantics, and phonetics, the study of how we produce and perceive sounds. And also it is governed by social rules. Phonology is the grammar (organization) of sounds and beyond the formal rules, there is social rules.

e.g. “Mothers are bad!”

Formal rules: Grammar

Syntax: Is the categories of language items which are nouns, adjectives, etc...

Morphology:

1.      The inflectional rules: e.g. mother, motherhood.

2.      Derivational rules: e.g. affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes)

Phonology: phonetics + phonology (P=p+p)

1.      phonetics: physical realisation of speech sounds.

2.      phonology: refers to the organisation of speech sound in many given linguistic system, phonological theory can be applied to any world language.

The formal parameter of language is semantic of language, i.e. system of meaning.

We experience the world through the words we live because our relation with our language is not the same relation another language.

ü  E.g. I speak English but I dong feel it.

ü  E.g. we never translate the word “صلاة” in English.

ü  E.g. the French expression: “Mon Amie intime” is closed friend in English but not intimate friend.

We see how culture does influence the semantic meaning or field.

E.g. Mistress= is a married woman who has negative attitude, process of derogation, has intimate or secret sexual relationship with friend, which is not in French.

Semantic:

Is the sum of attitudes toward the word?

 

Social rules govern language:

To describe language form only one points of view that is not satisfactory.

E.g. “Mother is bad”

Syntagmatically speaking is correct, and paradigmatically is also correct.

Sociolinguistically is unlikely to be pronounced or occurred, which is never said because in

Sociolinguistics speaking is unacceptable, and the notion of mother is supreme. In term of social grammar, the expression above is unacceptable,

Before De Saussure, language was studied within Anthropology, as human facts, they used to study dance, art, language, etc…

In 1960s, at the head of linguistics, there was William Bright, he was an American Sociolinguist, and he had a book titled “Sociolinguistics”.

People decided to give sociolinguistics as science, they set 7 dimensions to study language and society, theses 7 dimensions are the main social rules and methodology which should govern and taken into account the study of interrelation (co-relation) between society and language.

     The seven dimensions:

The identity of the speaker:

Society is not based on binarity, binary system is excluded.

The most problem availing in the world is the identity. Who the speaker is? In terms of age, gender, etc...

Intergroup difference: between group, between male and female as different community. Separate group.

Introgroup difference: we take group of females or of males, two similar worlds are not necessary to be identical. Do you think that females have the same identity?

One is a marginal number of society, does not exist, I am many selves, I am not one self.

You choose to enter to the community. E.g. you born as female but you develop as masculine identity.

In Europe, there are a huge number of women, yet they are considered as minority, because it is a matter of power. There is a kind of racism language in their speech.

In reality, it is a question of choice; you choose to be male or female in your way of thinking.

Even you choose the way of dress, it is enter of a new community, e.g. the dress any kind of cloths is a matter of choice not of nature. We enter the new practice, we choose to be in the community to do identity à we choose identity. “To be or not to be”, it is a question and not a problem. You choose to be in community.

The first wave (1960s):

Some years ago, women wanted to be equal to men, they choose man’s jobs, mechanics, they dress as men, but men and women are never equal.

The second wave (1970s-1980s):

They spoke about differences, women are talkative, but men are not, in fact, men as norm, they are the authority, but women are gossip.

E.g. man speaks about car, but women speak about the colour of cars.

The third wave (modern 1992s):

We speak about identity, before 1992, in untraditional sociolinguistics women are defined as submissive and men as authoritative, e.g. kind of voice.

     The cast system

“Your Words Determine Your World”

The determinism:

In a cast system, you can’t shift from one class to another, whenever it is possible in British society, because each cast is governed by rules. In India, if you are born in cast B, you died in cast B.

The speech community determines that we are born (males and females[5]) so there is a male identity and a female identity; it is a binary identity.

Now the concept of identity is changed by time, people now choose their identities and it no more determined by the community, so you can choose by moving to another community. You choose what you want to be, because there is a rising of new communities; e.g. the nerd community in USA.

You are not oblige to change the identity, is simply a question of convincing. You can construct new identities; there is the identity of the speaker and the identity of the hearer. The speaker must choose an appropriate language depending on the hearer. The subject changed also depending on the context.

 

The formality means taking the speaker, the hearer, and the context in consideration. Language is determined by the context bound.

Language variation: in the language variation we mean language, dialect, jorgen, register), also refers to weather, mono-language, bi-language, or Multilanguage.

The methodology: synchronic (language as it is in a specific period of time), and diachronic (language through time: before and after).

Language change: (the dynamic, flexible), De Saussure was considered by giving language...................

The role: is the role of the Sociolinguistics.